A study on instability in indian stock market

A study on instability in indian stock market

Author: pepelyaev On: 16.06.2017

The economy of India is the sixth-largest in the world measured by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power parity PPP. The long-term growth prospective of the Indian economy is positive due to its young population, corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings [36] and investment rates, and increasing integration into the global economy.

This is the fastest-growing part of the economy. India ranks second worldwide in farm output. The combination of protectionistimport-substitutionFabian socialismand social democratic -inspired policies governed India for sometime after the end of British occupation.

The economy was then characterised by extensive regulation, protectionismpublic ownership of large monopolies, pervasive corruption and slow growth. Evidence of well-planned streets, a drainage system and water supply reveals their knowledge of urban planningwhich included the first-known urban sanitation systems and the existence of a form of municipal government.

Maritime trade was carried out extensively between South India and Southeast and West Asia from early times until around the fourteenth century AD. Both the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts were the sites of important trading centres from as early as the first century BC, used for import and export as well as transit points between the Mediterranean region and southeast Asia.

Historians Tapan Raychaudhuri and Irfan Habib claim this state patronage for overseas trade came to an end by the thirteenth century AD, when it was largely taken over by the local Parsi, Jewish, Syrian Christian and Muslim communities, initially on the Malabar and subsequently on the Coromandel coast.

Other scholars suggest trading from India to West Asia and Eastern Europe was active between the 14th and 18th centuries. These traders built a Hindu templewhich suggests commerce was active and prosperous for Indians by the 17th century. Further north, the Saurashtra and Bengal coasts played an important role in maritime trade, and the Gangetic plains and the Indus valley housed several centres of river-borne commerce.

Most overland trade was carried out via the Khyber Pass connecting the Punjab region with Afghanistan and onward to the Middle East and Central Asia. Villages paid a portion of their agricultural produce as revenue to the rulers, while their craftsmen received a part of the crops at harvest time for their services.

Sean Harkin estimates China and India may have accounted for 60 to 70 percent of world GDP in the 17th century. The Mughal economy functioned on an elaborate system of coined currency, land revenue and trade. Gold, silver and copper coins were issued by the royal mints which functioned on the basis of free coinage. After the loss at the Third Battle of Panipatthe Maratha Empire disintegrated into several confederate states, and the resulting political instability and armed conflict severely affected economic life in several parts of the country — although this was mitigated by localised prosperity in the new provincial kingdoms.

This marked a determinative shift in India's trade, and a less-powerful impact on the rest of the economy. There is no doubt that our grievances against the British Empire had a sound basis. As the painstaking statistical work of the Cambridge historian Angus Maddison has shown, India's share of world income collapsed from Indeed, at the beginning of the 20th century, "the brightest jewel in the British Crown" was the poorest country in the world in terms of per capita income.

From the beginning of 19th century, the British East India Company's gradual expansion and consolidation of power brought a major change in taxation and agricultural policies, which tended to promote commercialisation of agriculture with a focus on trade, resulting in decreased production of food crops, mass impoverishment and destitution of farmers, and in the short term, led to numerous famines.

British territorial expansion in India throughout the 19th century created an institutional environment that, on paper, guaranteed property rights among the colonisers, encouraged free tradeand created a single currency with fixed exchange ratesstandardised weights and measures and capital markets within the company-held territories.

It also established a system of railways and telegraphs, a civil service that aimed to be free from political interference, a common-law and an adversarial legal system. However, at the end of colonial rule, India inherited an economy that was one of the poorest in the developing world, [87] with industrial development stalled, agriculture unable to feed a rapidly growing population, a largely illiterate and unskilled labour force, and extremely inadequate infrastructure.

The census revealed that Subsequently, the policy of discriminating protection where certain important industries were given financial protection by the statecoupled with the Second World War, saw the development and dispersal of industries, encouraging rural—urban migration, and in particular the large port cities of BombayCalcutta and Madras grew rapidly.

Despite this, only one-sixth of India's population lived in cities by The impact of British occupation on India's economy is a controversial topic. Leaders of the Indian independence movement and economic historians have blamed colonial rule for the dismal state of India's economy in its aftermath and argued that financial strength required for industrial development in Britain was derived from the wealth taken from India.

At the same time, right-wing historians have countered that India's low economic performance was due to various sectors being in a state of growth and decline due to changes brought in by colonialism and a world that was moving towards industrialisation and economic integration.

Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience, which was seen as exploitative by Indian leaders exposed to British social democracy and the planned economy of the Soviet Union. Steel, mining, machine tools, telecommunications, insurance, and power plants, among other industries, were effectively nationalised in the mids. Jawaharlal Nehruthe first prime minister of Indiaalong with the statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobisformulated and oversaw economic policy during the initial years of the country's independence.

They expected favourable outcomes from their strategy, involving the rapid development of heavy industry by both public and private sectorsand based on direct and indirect state intervention, rather than the more extreme Soviet-style central command system.

I cannot decide how much to borrow, what shares to issue, at what price, what wages and bonus to pay, and what dividend to give.

I even need the government's permission for the salary I pay to a senior executive. Sincethe use of high-yielding varieties of seedsincreased fertilisers and improved irrigation facilities collectively contributed to the Green Revolution in Indiawhich improved the condition of agriculture by increasing crop productivity, improving crop patterns and strengthening forward and backward linkages between agriculture and industry. Subsequently, the Emergency and Garibi Hatao concept under which income tax levels at one point rose to a maximum of In the late s, the government led by Morarji Desai eased restrictions on capacity expansion for incumbent companiesremoved price controls, reduced corporate taxes and promoted the creation of small-scale industries in large numbers.

The collapse of the Soviet Union, which was India's major trading partner, and the Gulf Warwhich caused a spike in oil prices, resulted in a major balance-of-payments crisis for India, which found itself facing the prospect of defaulting on its loans. In response, the Narasimha Rao government, including Finance Minister Manmohan Singhinitiated economic reforms in The reforms did away with the Licence Rajreduced tariffs and interest rates and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors.

InGoldman Sachs predicted that India's GDP in current prices would overtake France and Italy byGermany, UK and Russia by and Japan bymaking it the third-largest economy of the world, behind the US and China. India is often seen by most economists as a rising economic superpower which will play a major role in the 21st-century global economy. Starting in[ clarification needed ] India entered a period of reduced growth, which slowed to 5. Other economic problems also became apparent: Hit by the US Federal Reserve 's decision to taper quantitative easingforeign investors began rapidly pulling money out of India — though this reversed with the stock market approaching its all-time high and the current account deficit narrowing substantially.

India started recovery in —15 when the growth rate accelerated to 7. InIndia went through a startup boom and manufacturing expanded in —16 with growth of 7. For the first time sinceIndia grew faster than China which registered 6. In mid, during the global stock market rout, India witnessed a sharp fall in stock markets and the rupee; this repeated again in January India's economic growth is expected to be 8.

India is ranked th out of countries in the World Bank's ease of doing business index. In terms of dealing with construction permits and enforcing contracts, it is ranked among the 10 worst in the world, while it has a relatively favourable ranking when it comes to protecting minority investors or getting credit.

Historically, India has classified and tracked its economy and GDP in three sectors: Agriculture includes crops, horticulture, milk and animal husbandry, aquaculture, fishing, sericulture, aviculture, forestry and related activities.

Industry includes various manufacturing sub-sectors. India's definition of services sector includes its construction, retail, software, IT, communications, hospitality, infrastructure operations, education, health care, banking and insurance, and many other economic activities. India receives an average annual rainfall of 1, millimetres InIndia had the world's sixth-largest fishing industry.

About 10 percent of its export earnings come from this trade. It has since handled the change by squeezing costs, revamping management, and relying on cheap labour and new technology. However, this has also reduced employment generation, even among smaller manufacturers who previously relied on labour-intensive processes. India hosts many oil refinery and petrochemical operations, including the world's largest refinery complex in Jamnagar that processes 1.

India is one of the five-largest producers of agrochemicals, polymers and plastics, dyes and various organic and inorganic chemicals. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has grown in recent years to become a major manufacturer of health care products to the world. It is expected to grow at a CAGR of India is expected to become the sixth-largest pharmaceutical market in the world by The state of Gujarat has become a hub for the manufacture and export of pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients APIs.

Engineering is the largest sub-sector of India's industrial sector, by GDP, and the third-largest by exports. The industry employs about four million workers. The engineering industry of India includes its growing car, motorcycle and scooters industry, and productivity machinery such as tractors. India manufactured and assembled about 18 million passenger and utility vehicles inof which 2.

India is one of the largest centres for polishing diamonds and gems and manufacturing jewellery; it is also one of the two largest consumers of gold. It is growing sector of Indian economy, and A. The gems and jewellery industry has been economically active in India for several thousand years. Unlike other centres, the gems and jewellery industry in India is primarily artisan-driven; the sector is manual, highly fragmented, and almost entirely served by family-owned operations.

An Introduction To The Indian Stock Market !

The particular strength of this sub-sector is in precision cutting, polishing and processing small diamonds below one carat. Statistically, 11 out of 12 diamonds set in any jewellery in the world are cut and polished in India. Domestic demand for gold and jewellery products is another driver of India's GDP. Textile industry contributes about 4 per cent to the country's GDP, 14 per cent of the industrial production, and 17 per cent to export earnings.

After freeing the industry in — from a number of limitations, primarily financial, the government permitted massive investment inflows, both domestic and foreign.

Tirupur has gained universal recognition as the leading source of hosiery, knitted garments, casual wear and sportswear. Expanding textile centres such as Ichalkaranji enjoy one of the highest per-capita incomes in the country. The sector is estimated to employ aroundchildren under the age of India's mining industry was the fourth-largest producer of minerals in the world by volume, and eighth-largest producer by value in OdishaRajasthanChhattisgarhAndhra PradeshTelanganaJharkhandMadhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

India's mineral resources are vast. India is a net importer of many minerals including coal. India's mining sector decline is because of complex permit, regulatory and administrative procedures, inadequate infrastructure, shortage of capital resources, and slow adoption of environmentally sustainable technologies.

In fiscal year —15, India was the third-largest producer of raw steel [] and the largest producer of sponge iron. The industry produced Most iron and steel in India is produced from iron ore. With strength of over 1. Information technology and business process outsourcing are among the fastest-growing sectors, having a cumulative growth rate of revenue India is the ninth-largest civil aviation market in the world, having a potential of becoming the third-largest aviation market by It recorded an air traffic of million passengers inestimated to be 60 million international passengers by The market is estimated to have aircraft by This would account for 4.

According to AirbusIndia will be one of the top three aviation markets in the next 20 years. Airbus is expecting an annual growth rate of over 11 per cent for the domestic market over the next ten years, while the combined growth rate for domestic and international routes would be more than 10 per cent.

Civil aviation in India traces its beginnings to 18 Februarywith the first commercial flight from Allahabad to Naini. Henri Pequeta French aviator, carried 6, pieces of mail on a Humber biplane. Tata flew a consignment of mail from Karachi to Juhu Airport. His airline later became Air India. India's airline industry was nationalised and the eight domestic airlines operating independently at that time, Deccan AirwaysAirways IndiaBharat AirwaysHimalayan AviationKalinga AirlinesIndian National AirwaysAir India and Air Services of India were merged into two government-owned entities.

Indian Airlines focussed on domestic routes and Air India International on international services. The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security was established in following the crash of Air India Flight East-West Airlines was the first national-level private airline to operate in the country after the government de-regularised the civil aviation sector in The government allowed private airlines to operate charter and non-scheduled services under the 'Air Taxi' Scheme untilwhen the Air Corporation Act was repealed and private airlines could now operate scheduled services.

Private airlines including Jet AirwaysAir SaharaModiluftDamania Airways and NEPC Airlines commenced domestic operations during this period. The aviation industry experienced a rapid transformation following deregulation.

Several low-cost carriers entered the Indian market in — Major new entrants included Air DeccanAir SaharaKingfisher AirlinesSpiceJetGoAirParamount Airways and IndiGo.

Study of indian stock market

This led to consolidation, buy outs and discontinuations. InAir Sahara and Air Deccan were acquired by Jet Airways and Kingfisher Airlines respectively. Paramount Airways ceased operations in and Kingfisher shut down in AirAsia Indiaa low-cost carrier operating as a joint venture between Air Asia and Tata Sons launched in As of —14, only IndiGo and GoAir were generating profits. The Indian money market is classified into the organised sector, comprising private, public and foreign-owned commercial banks and cooperative banks, together known as 'scheduled banks'; and the unorganised sector, which includes individual or family-owned indigenous bankers or money lenders and non-banking financial companies.

Since then, the number of bank branches has increased from 8, in to 72, in and the population covered by a branch decreased from 63, to 15, during the same period. India's gross domestic savings in —07 as a percentage of GDP stood at a high While some of these relate to nationalised banks — such as reforms encouraging mergers, reducing government interference and increasing profitability and competitiveness — other reforms have opened the banking and insurance sectors to private and foreign companies.

The information technology IT industry in India consists of two major components: IT services and business process outsourcing BPO. The sector has increased its contribution to India's GDP from 1.

The growth in the IT sector is attributed to increased specialisation, and an availability of a large pool of low-cost, highly skilled, fluent English-speaking workers — matched by increased demand from foreign consumers interested in India's service exports, or looking to outsource their operations. The share of the Indian IT industry in the country's GDP increased from 4. The business process a study on instability in indian stock market services in the outsourcing industry in India caters mainly to Western operations of multinational corporations.

As of[update] around 2. Wages are rising by 10—15 percent as a result of skill shortages. India became the tenth-largest insurance market in the world inrising from 15th in After opening the sector, growth rates averaged AIC, which initially offered coverage under the National Agriculture Insurance Company NAIShas now started providing crop insurance on commercial line as well. The growth was satisfactory, [ according to whom?

The Indian insurance business had been under-developed with low levels of insurance penetration. Post liberalisation, the sector has succeeded in raising penetration from 2. Primary energy consumption of India is the third-largest after China and the US with 5. The petroleum industry in India mostly consists of public sector companies such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation ONGCHindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited HPCLBharat Petroleum Corporation Limited BPCL and Indian Oil Corporation Limited IOCL.

There are some major private Indian companies in the oil sector vanguard money market accounts fdic insured as Reliance Industries Limited RIL which operates the world's largest oil refining complex.

India became the world's third-largest producer of electricity in with a 4. India's dwindling uranium reserves stagnated the growth of nuclear energy in the country for many years. The Indo-US nuclear deal has also paved the way for India to import uranium from other countries. It is upgrading its infrastructure. This government-owned-and-operated railway network carried an average of 23 million passengers a day, and over a billion tonnes of freight in India's retail industry mostly consists of local mom-and-pop storesowner-manned shops and street vendors.

However, a lack of back-end warehouse infrastructure and state-level permits and red tape continue to limit growth of organised retail. There are taxes for moving goods from state to state, and even within states.

The sector is predicted to grow at an average annual rate of 7. The United States is the largest source of international tourists to India, while European Union nations day trading psychology blog Japan are other major sources of international tourists.

India income tax on stock trading in india a fast-growing medical tourism sector of its health care economy, offering low-cost health services and long-term care. India has the world's third-largest Internet user-base. As of 31 March[update] there were Industry estimates indicate that there are over million TV consumers in India as of As of May[update] there were Until the liberalisation ofIndia was runescape how to make money f2p 2016 and intentionally isolated ppt on buyback of shares world markets, to protect its economy and to achieve self-reliance.

Major import commodities included crude oil and related products, machinery, electronic goods, gold and silver. India is a founding-member of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT and its successor, the WTO.

While participating actively turnkey websites that make money its general council meetings, India has been crucial in voicing the concerns of the developing world. For instance, India has continued its opposition to the inclusion of labour, environmental issues and other non-tariff barriers to trade in WTO policies.

Since independence, India's balance of payments on its current account has been negative. Since economic liberalisation in the s, precipitated by a balance-of-payment crisis, India's exports rose consistently, covering India's reliance on external assistance and concessional debt has decreased since liberalisation of the economy, and the debt service ratio decreased from The Ministry of Finance monitors and regulates them through ECB policy guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India RBI under the Foreign Exchange Management Act of India's current account deficit reached an all-time high in From April to JanuaryRBI data showed that, for the first time sinceIndia was funding its deficit through foreign direct investment inflows.

The Economic Times noted that the development was "a sign of rising target hours martin luther king day among long-term investors in Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's ability to strengthen the country's economic foundation for sustained growth". As the third-largest economy in the world in PPP terms, India has attracted foreign direct investment FDI.

India has strengths in telecommunication, information technology and other significant areas such as auto components, chemicals, apparels, pharmaceuticals, and jewellery. Despite a surge in foreign investments, rigid FDI policies [] were a significant hindrance.

Over time, India has adopted a number of FDI reforms. Industrial policy reforms have substantially reduced industrial licensing requirements, removed restrictions on expansion and facilitated easy access to foreign technology and investment. The upward growth curve of the best forex broker for swing trading system sector owes some credit to a booming economy and liberalised FDI regime.

SinceIndian companies have expanded overseas, investing FDI and creating jobs outside India. From toFDI by Indian companies outside India amounted to 1. The UAE, the US, and Saudi Arabia were the top sources of remittances to India, while Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal were the top recipients of remittances from India. The rupee is divided into paisas.

It is governed by a central board of directors, headed by a governor who is appointed by the Government of India. The rupee was linked to the British pound from toand then to the US dollar until through a fixed exchange rate. It was devalued in September and the system of fixed par rate was replaced with a basket of four major international currencies: Ina Liberalized Exchange Rate Mechanism LERMS was introduced.

Inthe rupee was convertible on the current account, with some capital controls. After the sharp devaluation in and transition to current account convertibility inthe value of the rupee has been largely determined by market forces.

The rupee has been fairly stable during the decade — In Septemberthe rupee touched an all-time low India's gross national income per capita had experienced high growth rates since These consumption levels are on an individual basis. Compared tothese income and consumption trends represent moderate to significant improvements. There aremillionaires and 95 billionaires in India. In Maythe World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions to its poverty calculation methodology of how to get video call option in skype mobile purchasing-power-parity basis for measuring poverty.

According to the revised methodology, the world had A UNICEF report stated that between andIndia achieved a 45 percent reduction in under age 5 mortality rates, and now ranks 46th of countries on this metric.

Since the early s, successive governments have implemented various schemes to alleviate poverty, under central planning, that have met with partial success. Agricultural and allied sectors accounted for about While agriculture employment has fallen over time in percentage of labour employed, services which includes construction and infrastructure have seen a steady growth accounting for In rural areas, both men and women are primarily self-employed, mostly in agriculture.

In urban areas, salaried work was the largest source of employment for both men and women in Unemployment in India is characterised by chronic disguised unemployment. Government schemes that target eradication of both poverty and unemployment — which in recent decades has sent millions of poor and unskilled people into urban areas in forex uk session of livelihoods — attempt to solve the problem by providing financial assistance for starting businesses, honing skills, setting up public sector enterprises, reservations in governments, etc.

The decline in organised employment, due to the decreased role of the public sector after liberalisation, has further underlined the need for focusing on better education and created political pressure for further reforms. Child labour in India is a complex problem that is rooted in poverty. Since the s, the government has implemented a variety of programs to eliminate child labour.

These have included setting up schools, launching free school lunch programs, creating special investigation cells, etc. Child labour below the age of 10 is now rare. India has the largest diaspora around the world, an estimated 16 million people, [] many of whom work overseas and remit funds back to their vedic stock market astrology. The Middle East region is the largest source of employment of expat Indians.

The crude oil production and infrastructure industry of Saudi Arabia employs over 2 million expat Indians. Cities such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates have employed another 2 million Indians during the construction boom in recent decades.

Over the six and half decades since independence, the country has brought about a landmark agricultural revolution that has transformed the nation from chronic dependence on grain imports into a global agricultural powerhouse that is now a net exporter of food. Life expectancy has more than doubled, literacy rates have quadrupled, health conditions have sale signals to binary options. India will soon have the largest and youngest workforce the world has ever seen.

At the same time, the country is in the midst of a massive wave of urbanization as some 10 million people move to towns and cities each year in search of jobs and opportunity. It is the largest rural-urban migration of this century. Massive investments will be needed to create the jobs, housing, and infrastructure to meet soaring aspirations and make towns and cities more livable and green.

Agriculture is an important part of the Indian economy. Although the total land area of the country is only slightly more than can you make money fletching third of China or the US, India's arable land is marginally smaller than that of the US, and marginally larger than that of China. However, agricultural output lags far behind its potential.

According to the World Bank, India's large agricultural subsidies are distorting what farmers grow and hampering productivity-enhancing investment. Over-regulation of agriculture has increased costs, price risks and uncertainty, and governmental intervention in labour, land, and credit are hurting the market. Infrastructure such as rural roads, electricity, ports, food storage, retail markets and services remain inadequate.

Corruption has been a pervasive problem in India. A study by Transparency International TI found that more than half of those surveyed had first-hand experience of paying a bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office in the previous year. InIndia saw a reduction in corruption and improved the ranking to 85th place. Inred tapebureaucracy and the Licence Raj were suggested as a cause for the institutionalised corruption and inefficiency.

Computerisation of services, various central and state vigilance commissions, and the Right to Information Act 60 sec binary options strategy tricks which requires government officials to furnish information requested by citizens or face punitive action — have considerably reduced corruption and opened avenues to redress grievances. Inthe Indian government concluded that most spending fails to reach its intended recipients, as the large and inefficient bureaucracy consumes budgets.

This would amount to 13 times the country's total external debt. James Nason, the Head of International Communications for the Swiss Banking Association, suggested "The black money figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles, and circulated as gospel truth. However, this story was a complete fabrication. The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report.

Anyone claiming to have such figures for India should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them. India has made progress increasing the primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately three-fourths of the population.

The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights under the eighty-sixth Amendment ofand legislation has been enacted to further the objective of providing free education to all children.

Poverty rates in India's poorest states are three to four times higher than those in the more advanced states. A critical problem facing India's economy is the sharp and growing regional variations among India's different states and territories in terms of poverty, availability of infrastructure and socio-economic development. The five-year plans, especially in the pre-liberalisation era, attempted to reduce regional disparities by encouraging industrial development in the interior regions and distributing industries total money makeover expanded baby step 1 states.

The results have been discouraging as these measures increased inefficiency and hampered effective industrial growth. Governments of less-advanced states have tried to reduce disparities by offering tax holidays and cheap land, and focused on sectors like tourism which can develop faster than other sectors. There is a continuing debate on whether India's easy ways to make money in eve online expansion has been pro-poor or anti-poor.

The development of Indian security markets began with the launch of the Bombay Stock Exchange BSE in July and Ahmedabad Stock exchange in Since then, 22 other exchanges have traded in Indian cities. InIndia's stock exchange market became the 10th largest in the world by market capitalisation, just above those of South Korea and Australia. BeforeIndian companies were not allowed to list their securities internationally without first completing an IPO in India.

Inthese security laws were reformed and Indian companies can now choose where they want to list first: All twenty-eight member states of the European Union are also members of the WTO in their own right: Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of Chinaparticipates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China".

Officially the Republic of China, participates as " Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu ", and "Chinese Taipei" in short. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

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STUDY OF VOLATILITY AND ITS FACTORS ON INDIAN STOCK MARKET by Rohan Kirpekar in Finance category on sanapidyqel.web.fc2.com

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a study on instability in indian stock market

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Indian rupee History Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee Coinage Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint. Banking Banks Insurance Foreign exchange reserves Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money Stock exchanges.

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